diff --git a/lib/function/bitwise/bitAnd.js b/lib/function/bitwise/bitAnd.js
index 9e7055a71..f26988cb2 100644
--- a/lib/function/bitwise/bitAnd.js
+++ b/lib/function/bitwise/bitAnd.js
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 'use strict';
 
 var isInteger = require('../../util/number').isInteger;
-var bigBitAnd = require('../../util/bignumber').and;
+var bigBitAnd = require('../../type/bignumber/util/bitAnd');
 
 function factory (type, config, load, typed) {
   var latex = require('../../util/latex');
diff --git a/lib/function/bitwise/bitNot.js b/lib/function/bitwise/bitNot.js
index dc201ade0..7d03d532e 100644
--- a/lib/function/bitwise/bitNot.js
+++ b/lib/function/bitwise/bitNot.js
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 'use strict';
 
 var deepMap = require('../../type/matrix/util/deepMap');
+var bigBitNot = require('../../type/bignumber/util/bitNot');
 var isInteger = require('../../util/number').isInteger;
-var bigBitNot = require('../../util/bignumber').not;
 
 function factory (type, config, load, typed) {
   var latex = require('../../util/latex');
diff --git a/lib/function/bitwise/bitOr.js b/lib/function/bitwise/bitOr.js
index 61a386014..f72191973 100644
--- a/lib/function/bitwise/bitOr.js
+++ b/lib/function/bitwise/bitOr.js
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 'use strict';
 
 var isInteger = require('../../util/number').isInteger;
-var bigBitOr = require('../../util/bignumber').or;
+var bigBitOr = require('../../type/bignumber/util/bitOr');
 
 function factory (type, config, load, typed) {
   var latex = require('../../util/latex');
diff --git a/lib/function/bitwise/bitXor.js b/lib/function/bitwise/bitXor.js
index de58e914b..1a2b91cd6 100644
--- a/lib/function/bitwise/bitXor.js
+++ b/lib/function/bitwise/bitXor.js
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 'use strict';
 
 var isInteger = require('../../util/number').isInteger;
-var bigBitXor = require('../../util/bignumber').xor;
+var bigBitXor = require('../../type/bignumber/util/bitXor');
 
 function factory (type, config, load, typed) {
   var latex = require('../../util/latex');
diff --git a/lib/function/bitwise/leftShift.js b/lib/function/bitwise/leftShift.js
index 8e0f49c12..4e00959c4 100644
--- a/lib/function/bitwise/leftShift.js
+++ b/lib/function/bitwise/leftShift.js
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 'use strict';
 
 var isInteger = require('../../util/number').isInteger;
-var bigLeftShift = require('../../util/bignumber').leftShift;
+var bigLeftShift = require('../../type/bignumber/util/leftShift');
 
 function factory (type, config, load, typed) {
   var latex = require('../../util/latex');
diff --git a/lib/function/bitwise/rightArithShift.js b/lib/function/bitwise/rightArithShift.js
index aec16b515..b0a7daa6b 100644
--- a/lib/function/bitwise/rightArithShift.js
+++ b/lib/function/bitwise/rightArithShift.js
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 'use strict';
 
 var isInteger = require('../../util/number').isInteger;
-var bigRightArithShift = require('../../util/bignumber').rightArithShift;
+var bigRightArithShift = require('../../type/bignumber/util/rightArithShift');
 
 function factory (type, config, load, typed) {
   var latex = require('../../util/latex');
diff --git a/lib/type/bignumber/util/bitAnd.js b/lib/type/bignumber/util/bitAnd.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9f98536aa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/type/bignumber/util/bitAnd.js
@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+var bitwise = require('./bitwise');
+
+/**
+ * Bitwise and for Bignumbers
+ *
+ * Special Cases:
+ *   N &  n =  N
+ *   n &  0 =  0
+ *   n & -1 =  n
+ *   n &  n =  n
+ *   I &  I =  I
+ *  -I & -I = -I
+ *   I & -I =  0
+ *   I &  n =  n
+ *   I & -n =  I
+ *  -I &  n =  0
+ *  -I & -n = -I
+ *
+ * @param {BigNumber} x
+ * @param {BigNumber} y
+ * @return {BigNumber} Result of `x` & `y`, is fully precise
+ * @private
+ */
+module.exports = function bitAnd(x, y) {
+  if ((x.isFinite() && !x.isInteger()) || (y.isFinite() && !y.isInteger())) {
+    throw new Error('Integers expected in function bitAnd');
+  }
+
+  var BigNumber = x.constructor;
+  if (x.isNaN() || y.isNaN()) {
+    return new BigNumber(NaN);
+  }
+
+  if (x.isZero() || y.eq(-1) || x.eq(y)) {
+    return x;
+  }
+  if (y.isZero() || x.eq(-1)) {
+    return y;
+  }
+
+  if (!x.isFinite() || !y.isFinite()) {
+    if (!x.isFinite() && !y.isFinite()) {
+      if (x.isNegative() == y.isNegative()) {
+        return x;
+      }
+      return new BigNumber(0);
+    }
+    if (!x.isFinite()) {
+      if (y.isNegative()) {
+        return x;
+      }
+      if (x.isNegative()) {
+        return new BigNumber(0);
+      }
+      return y;
+    }
+    if (!y.isFinite()) {
+      if (x.isNegative()) {
+        return y;
+      }
+      if (y.isNegative()) {
+        return new BigNumber(0);
+      }
+      return x;
+    }
+  }
+  return bitwise(x, y, function (a, b) { return a & b });
+};
diff --git a/lib/type/bignumber/util/bitNot.js b/lib/type/bignumber/util/bitNot.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..191650c7a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/type/bignumber/util/bitNot.js
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+/**
+ * Bitwise not
+ * @param {BigNumber} value
+ * @return {BigNumber} Result of ~`x`, fully precise
+ *
+ */
+module.exports = function bitNot (x) {
+  if (x.isFinite() && !x.isInteger()) {
+    throw new Error('Integer expected in function bitNot');
+  }
+
+  var BigNumber = x.constructor;
+  var prevPrec = BigNumber.precision;
+  BigNumber.config({precision: 1E9});
+
+  var x = x.plus(BigNumber.ONE);
+  x.s = -x.s || null;
+
+  BigNumber.config({precision: prevPrec});
+  return x;
+};
diff --git a/lib/type/bignumber/util/bitOr.js b/lib/type/bignumber/util/bitOr.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d1ae8b696
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/type/bignumber/util/bitOr.js
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+var bitwise = require('./bitwise');
+
+/**
+ * Bitwise OR for BigNumbers
+ *
+ * Special Cases:
+ *   N |  n =  N
+ *   n |  0 =  n
+ *   n | -1 = -1
+ *   n |  n =  n
+ *   I |  I =  I
+ *  -I | -I = -I
+ *   I | -n = -1
+ *   I | -I = -1
+ *   I |  n =  I
+ *  -I |  n = -I
+ *  -I | -n = -n
+ *
+ * @param {BigNumber} x
+ * @param {BigNumber} y
+ * @return {BigNumber} Result of `x` | `y`, fully precise
+ */
+module.exports = function bitOr (x, y) {
+  if ((x.isFinite() && !x.isInteger()) || (y.isFinite() && !y.isInteger())) {
+    throw new Error('Integers expected in function bitOr');
+  }
+
+  var BigNumber = x.constructor;
+  if (x.isNaN() || y.isNaN()) {
+    return new BigNumber(NaN);
+  }
+
+  var negOne = new BigNumber(-1);
+  if (x.isZero() || y.eq(negOne) || x.eq(y)) {
+    return y;
+  }
+  if (y.isZero() || x.eq(negOne)) {
+    return x;
+  }
+
+  if (!x.isFinite() || !y.isFinite()) {
+    if ((!x.isFinite() && !x.isNegative() && y.isNegative()) ||
+        (x.isNegative() && !y.isNegative() && !y.isFinite())) {
+      return negOne;
+    }
+    if (x.isNegative() && y.isNegative()) {
+      return x.isFinite() ? x : y;
+    }
+    return x.isFinite() ? y : x;
+  }
+
+  return bitwise(x, y, function (a, b) { return a | b });
+};
diff --git a/lib/type/bignumber/util/bitXor.js b/lib/type/bignumber/util/bitXor.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..647740f60
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/type/bignumber/util/bitXor.js
@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+var bitwise = require('./bitwise');
+var bitNot = require('./bitNot');
+
+/**
+ * Bitwise XOR for BigNumbers
+ *
+ * Special Cases:
+ *   N ^  n =  N
+ *   n ^  0 =  n
+ *   n ^  n =  0
+ *   n ^ -1 = ~n
+ *   I ^  n =  I
+ *   I ^ -n = -I
+ *   I ^ -I = -1
+ *  -I ^  n = -I
+ *  -I ^ -n =  I
+ *
+ * @param {BigNumber} x
+ * @param {BigNumber} y
+ * @return {BigNumber} Result of `x` ^ `y`, fully precise
+ *
+ */
+module.exports = function bitXor(x, y) {
+  if ((x.isFinite() && !x.isInteger()) || (y.isFinite() && !y.isInteger())) {
+    throw new Error('Integers expected in function bitXor');
+  }
+
+  var BigNumber = x.constructor;
+  if (x.isNaN() || y.isNaN()) {
+    return new BigNumber(NaN);
+  }
+  if (x.isZero()) {
+    return y;
+  }
+  if (y.isZero()) {
+    return x;
+  }
+
+  if (x.eq(y)) {
+    return new BigNumber(0);
+  }
+
+  var negOne = new BigNumber(-1);
+  if (x.eq(negOne)) {
+    return bitNot(y);
+  }
+  if (y.eq(negOne)) {
+    return bitNot(x);
+  }
+
+  if (!x.isFinite() || !y.isFinite()) {
+    if (!x.isFinite() && !y.isFinite()) {
+      return negOne;
+    }
+    return new BigNumber(x.isNegative() == y.isNegative()
+        ?  Infinity
+        : -Infinity);
+  }
+  return bitwise(x, y, function (a, b) { return a ^ b });
+};
diff --git a/lib/type/bignumber/util/bitwise.js b/lib/type/bignumber/util/bitwise.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..da9c5385a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/type/bignumber/util/bitwise.js
@@ -0,0 +1,124 @@
+var bitNot = require('./bitNot');
+
+/**
+ * Applies bitwise function to numbers
+ * @param {BigNumber} x
+ * @param {BigNumber} y
+ * @param {function (a, b)} func
+ * @return {BigNumber}
+ */
+module.exports = function bitwise(x, y, func) {
+  var BigNumber = x.constructor;
+
+  var xBits, yBits;
+  var xSign = +(x.s < 0);
+  var ySign = +(y.s < 0);
+  if (xSign) {
+    xBits = decCoefficientToBinaryString(bitNot(x));
+    for (var i = 0; i < xBits.length; ++i) {
+      xBits[i] ^= 1;
+    }
+  } else {
+    xBits = decCoefficientToBinaryString(x);
+  }
+  if (ySign) {
+    yBits = decCoefficientToBinaryString(bitNot(y));
+    for (var i = 0; i < yBits.length; ++i) {
+      yBits[i] ^= 1;
+    }
+  } else {
+    yBits = decCoefficientToBinaryString(y);
+  }
+
+  var minBits, maxBits, minSign;
+  if (xBits.length <= yBits.length) {
+    minBits = xBits;
+    maxBits = yBits;
+    minSign = xSign;
+  } else {
+    minBits = yBits;
+    maxBits = xBits;
+    minSign = ySign;
+  }
+
+  var shortLen = minBits.length;
+  var longLen = maxBits.length;
+  var expFuncVal = func(xSign, ySign) ^ 1;
+  var outVal = new BigNumber(expFuncVal ^ 1);
+  var twoPower = BigNumber.ONE;
+  var two = new BigNumber(2);
+
+  var prevPrec = BigNumber.precision;
+  BigNumber.config({precision: 1E9});
+
+  while (shortLen > 0) {
+    if (func(minBits[--shortLen], maxBits[--longLen]) == expFuncVal) {
+      outVal = outVal.plus(twoPower);
+    }
+    twoPower = twoPower.times(two);
+  }
+  while (longLen > 0) {
+    if (func(minSign, maxBits[--longLen]) == expFuncVal) {
+      outVal = outVal.plus(twoPower);
+    }
+    twoPower = twoPower.times(two);
+  }
+
+  BigNumber.config({precision: prevPrec});
+
+  if (expFuncVal == 0) {
+    outVal.s = -outVal.s;
+  }
+  return outVal;
+};
+
+/* Extracted from decimal.js, and edited to specialize. */
+function decCoefficientToBinaryString (x) {
+  // Convert to string
+  var a = x.c;
+  var r = a[0] + '';
+
+  for (var i = 1; i < a.length; ++i) {
+    var s = a[i] + '';
+    for (var z = 7 - s.length; z--; ) {
+      s = '0' + s;
+    }
+
+    r += s;
+  }
+
+  var j;
+  for (j = r.length - 1; r.charAt(j) == '0'; --j);
+
+  var xe = x.e;
+  var str = r.slice(0, j + 1 || 1);
+  var strL = str.length;
+  if (xe > 0) {
+    if (++xe > strL) {
+      // Append zeros.
+      for (xe -= strL; xe--; str += '0');
+    } else if (xe < strL) {
+      str = str.slice(0, xe) + '.' + str.slice(xe);
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Convert from base 10 (decimal) to base 2
+  var arr = [0];
+  for (var i = 0; i < str.length; ) {
+    for (var arrL = arr.length; arrL--; arr[arrL] *= 10);
+
+    arr[0] += str.charAt(i++) << 0;  // convert to int
+    for (var j = 0; j < arr.length; ++j) {
+      if (arr[j] > 1) {
+        if (arr[j + 1] == null) {
+          arr[j + 1] = 0;
+        }
+
+        arr[j + 1] += arr[j] >> 1;
+        arr[j] &= 1;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  return arr.reverse();
+}
diff --git a/lib/type/bignumber/util/leftShift.js b/lib/type/bignumber/util/leftShift.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a9451be00
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/type/bignumber/util/leftShift.js
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+
+/**
+ * Bitwise left shift
+ *
+ * Special Cases:
+ *  n << -n = N
+ *  n <<  N = N
+ *  N <<  n = N
+ *  n <<  0 = n
+ *  0 <<  n = 0
+ *  I <<  I = N
+ *  I <<  n = I
+ *  n <<  I = I
+ *
+ * @param {BigNumber} x
+ * @param {BigNumber} y
+ * @return {BigNumber} Result of `x` << `y`
+ *
+ */
+module.exports = function leftShift (x, y) {
+  if ((x.isFinite() && !x.isInteger()) || (y.isFinite() && !y.isInteger())) {
+    throw new Error('Integers expected in function leftShift');
+  }
+
+  var BigNumber = x.constructor;
+  if (x.isNaN() || y.isNaN() || (y.isNegative() && !y.isZero())) {
+    return new BigNumber(NaN);
+  }
+  if (x.isZero() || y.isZero()) {
+    return x;
+  }
+  if (!x.isFinite() && !y.isFinite()) {
+    return new BigNumber(NaN);
+  }
+
+  // Math.pow(2, y) is fully precise for y < 55, and fast
+  if (y.lt(55)) {
+    return x.times(Math.pow(2, y.toNumber()) + '');
+  }
+  return x.times(new BigNumber(2).pow(y));
+};
diff --git a/lib/type/bignumber/util/rightArithShift.js b/lib/type/bignumber/util/rightArithShift.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..aa01bbc99
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/type/bignumber/util/rightArithShift.js
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+/*
+ * Special Cases:
+ *   n >> -n =  N
+ *   n >>  N =  N
+ *   N >>  n =  N
+ *   I >>  I =  N
+ *   n >>  0 =  n
+ *   I >>  n =  I
+ *  -I >>  n = -I
+ *  -I >>  I = -I
+ *   n >>  I =  I
+ *  -n >>  I = -1
+ *   0 >>  n =  0
+ *
+ * @param {BigNumber} value
+ * @param {BigNumber} value
+ * @return {BigNumber} Result of `x` >> `y`
+ *
+ */
+module.exports = function rightArithShift (x, y) {
+  if ((x.isFinite() && !x.isInteger()) || (y.isFinite() && !y.isInteger())) {
+    throw new Error('Integers expected in function rightArithShift');
+  }
+
+  var BigNumber = x.constructor;
+  if (x.isNaN() || y.isNaN() || (y.isNegative() && !y.isZero())) {
+    return new BigNumber(NaN);
+  }
+  if (x.isZero() || y.isZero()) {
+    return x;
+  }
+  if (!y.isFinite()) {
+    if (x.isNegative()) {
+      return new BigNumber(-1);
+    }
+    if (!x.isFinite()) {
+      return new BigNumber(NaN);
+    }
+    return new BigNumber(0);
+  }
+
+  // Math.pow(2, y) is fully precise for y < 55, and fast
+  if (y.lt(55)) {
+    return x.div(Math.pow(2, y.toNumber()) + '').floor();
+  }
+  return x.div(new BigNumber(2).pow(y)).floor();
+};
diff --git a/lib/util/bignumber.js b/lib/util/bignumber.js
index 43ae9e932..94c65ab04 100644
--- a/lib/util/bignumber.js
+++ b/lib/util/bignumber.js
@@ -94,407 +94,6 @@ exports.tau = memoize(function (precision) {
 });
 
 
-/*************************************
- *         Bitwise functions         *
- *************************************/
-
-/*
- * Special Cases:
- *   N &  n =  N
- *   n &  0 =  0
- *   n & -1 =  n
- *   n &  n =  n
- *   I &  I =  I
- *  -I & -I = -I
- *   I & -I =  0
- *   I &  n =  n
- *   I & -n =  I
- *  -I &  n =  0
- *  -I & -n = -I
- *
- * @param {BigNumber} value
- * @param {BigNumber} value
- * @return {BigNumber} Result of `x` & `y`, is fully precise
- *
- */
-exports.and = function(x, y) {
-  if ((x.isFinite() && !x.isInteger()) || (y.isFinite() && !y.isInteger())) {
-    throw new Error('Integers expected in function bitAnd');
-  }
-
-  var BigNumber = x.constructor;
-  if (x.isNaN() || y.isNaN()) {
-    return new BigNumber(NaN);
-  }
-
-  if (x.isZero() || y.eq(-1) || x.eq(y)) {
-    return x;
-  }
-  if (y.isZero() || x.eq(-1)) {
-    return y;
-  }
-
-  if (!x.isFinite() || !y.isFinite()) {
-    if (!x.isFinite() && !y.isFinite()) {
-      if (x.isNegative() == y.isNegative()) {
-        return x;
-      }
-      return new BigNumber(0);
-    }
-    if (!x.isFinite()) {
-      if (y.isNegative()) {
-        return x;
-      }
-      if (x.isNegative()) {
-        return new BigNumber(0);
-      }
-      return y;
-    }
-    if (!y.isFinite()) {
-      if (x.isNegative()) {
-        return y;
-      }
-      if (y.isNegative()) {
-        return new BigNumber(0);
-      }
-      return x;
-    }
-  }
-  return bitwise(x, y, function (a, b) { return a & b });
-};
-
-/*
- * Special Cases:
- *  n << -n = N
- *  n <<  N = N
- *  N <<  n = N
- *  n <<  0 = n
- *  0 <<  n = 0
- *  I <<  I = N
- *  I <<  n = I
- *  n <<  I = I
- *
- * @param {BigNumber} value
- * @param {BigNumber} value
- * @return {BigNumber} Result of `x` << `y`
- *
- */
-exports.leftShift = function (x, y) {
-  if ((x.isFinite() && !x.isInteger()) || (y.isFinite() && !y.isInteger())) {
-    throw new Error('Integers expected in function leftShift');
-  }
-
-  var BigNumber = x.constructor;
-  if (x.isNaN() || y.isNaN() || (y.isNegative() && !y.isZero())) {
-    return new BigNumber(NaN);
-  }
-  if (x.isZero() || y.isZero()) {
-    return x;
-  }
-  if (!x.isFinite() && !y.isFinite()) {
-    return new BigNumber(NaN);
-  }
-
-  // Math.pow(2, y) is fully precise for y < 55, and fast
-  if (y.lt(55)) {
-    return x.times(Math.pow(2, y.toNumber()) + '');
-  }
-  return x.times(new BigNumber(2).pow(y));
-};
-
-/*
- * @param {BigNumber} value
- * @return {BigNumber} Result of ~`x`, fully precise
- *
- */
-exports.not = function (x) {
-  if (x.isFinite() && !x.isInteger()) {
-    throw new Error('Integer expected in function bitNot');
-  }
-
-  var BigNumber = x.constructor;
-  var prevPrec = BigNumber.precision;
-  BigNumber.config({precision: 1E9});
-
-  var x = x.plus(BigNumber.ONE);
-  x.s = -x.s || null;
-
-  BigNumber.config({precision: prevPrec});
-  return x;
-};
-
-/*
- * Special Cases:
- *   N |  n =  N
- *   n |  0 =  n
- *   n | -1 = -1
- *   n |  n =  n
- *   I |  I =  I
- *  -I | -I = -I
- *   I | -n = -1
- *   I | -I = -1
- *   I |  n =  I
- *  -I |  n = -I
- *  -I | -n = -n
- *
- * @param {BigNumber} value
- * @param {BigNumber} value
- * @return {BigNumber} Result of `x` | `y`, fully precise
- *
- */
-exports.or = function (x, y) {
-  if ((x.isFinite() && !x.isInteger()) || (y.isFinite() && !y.isInteger())) {
-    throw new Error('Integers expected in function bitOr');
-  }
-
-  var BigNumber = x.constructor;
-  if (x.isNaN() || y.isNaN()) {
-    return new BigNumber(NaN);
-  }
-
-  var negOne = new BigNumber(-1);
-  if (x.isZero() || y.eq(negOne) || x.eq(y)) {
-    return y;
-  }
-  if (y.isZero() || x.eq(negOne)) {
-    return x;
-  }
-
-  if (!x.isFinite() || !y.isFinite()) {
-    if ((!x.isFinite() && !x.isNegative() && y.isNegative()) ||
-           (x.isNegative() && !y.isNegative() && !y.isFinite())) {
-      return negOne;
-    }
-    if (x.isNegative() && y.isNegative()) {
-      return x.isFinite() ? x : y;
-    }
-    return x.isFinite() ? y : x;
-  }
-  return bitwise(x, y, function (a, b) { return a | b });
-};
-
-/*
- * Special Cases:
- *   n >> -n =  N
- *   n >>  N =  N
- *   N >>  n =  N
- *   I >>  I =  N
- *   n >>  0 =  n
- *   I >>  n =  I
- *  -I >>  n = -I
- *  -I >>  I = -I
- *   n >>  I =  I
- *  -n >>  I = -1
- *   0 >>  n =  0
- *
- * @param {BigNumber} value
- * @param {BigNumber} value
- * @return {BigNumber} Result of `x` >> `y`
- *
- */
-exports.rightArithShift = function (x, y) {
-  if ((x.isFinite() && !x.isInteger()) || (y.isFinite() && !y.isInteger())) {
-    throw new Error('Integers expected in function rightArithShift');
-  }
-
-  var BigNumber = x.constructor;
-  if (x.isNaN() || y.isNaN() || (y.isNegative() && !y.isZero())) {
-    return new BigNumber(NaN);
-  }
-  if (x.isZero() || y.isZero()) {
-    return x;
-  }
-  if (!y.isFinite()) {
-    if (x.isNegative()) {
-      return new BigNumber(-1);
-    }
-    if (!x.isFinite()) {
-      return new BigNumber(NaN);
-    }
-    return new BigNumber(0);
-  }
-
-  // Math.pow(2, y) is fully precise for y < 55, and fast
-  if (y.lt(55)) {
-    return x.div(Math.pow(2, y.toNumber()) + '').floor();
-  }
-  return x.div(new BigNumber(2).pow(y)).floor();
-};
-
-/*
- * Special Cases:
- *   N ^  n =  N
- *   n ^  0 =  n
- *   n ^  n =  0
- *   n ^ -1 = ~n
- *   I ^  n =  I
- *   I ^ -n = -I
- *   I ^ -I = -1
- *  -I ^  n = -I
- *  -I ^ -n =  I
- *
- * @param {BigNumber} value
- * @param {BigNumber} value
- * @return {BigNumber} Result of `x` ^ `y`, fully precise
- *
- */
-exports.xor = function (x, y) {
-  if ((x.isFinite() && !x.isInteger()) || (y.isFinite() && !y.isInteger())) {
-    throw new Error('Integers expected in function bitXor');
-  }
-
-  var BigNumber = x.constructor;
-  if (x.isNaN() || y.isNaN()) {
-    return new BigNumber(NaN);
-  }
-  if (x.isZero()) {
-    return y;
-  }
-  if (y.isZero()) {
-    return x;
-  }
-
-  if (x.eq(y)) {
-    return new BigNumber(0);
-  }
-
-  var negOne = new BigNumber(-1);
-  if (x.eq(negOne)) {
-    return exports.not(y);
-  }
-  if (y.eq(negOne)) {
-    return exports.not(x);
-  }
-
-  if (!x.isFinite() || !y.isFinite()) {
-    if (!x.isFinite() && !y.isFinite()) {
-      return negOne;
-    }
-    return new BigNumber(x.isNegative() == y.isNegative()
-      ?  Infinity
-      : -Infinity);
-  }
-  return bitwise(x, y, function (a, b) { return a ^ b });
-};
-
-/* Applies bitwise function to numbers. */
-function bitwise(x, y, func) {
-  var BigNumber = x.constructor;
-
-  var xBits, yBits;
-  var xSign = +(x.s < 0);
-  var ySign = +(y.s < 0);
-  if (xSign) {
-    xBits = decCoefficientToBinaryString(exports.not(x));
-    for (var i = 0; i < xBits.length; ++i) {
-      xBits[i] ^= 1;
-    }
-  } else {
-    xBits = decCoefficientToBinaryString(x);
-  }
-  if (ySign) {
-    yBits = decCoefficientToBinaryString(exports.not(y));
-    for (var i = 0; i < yBits.length; ++i) {
-      yBits[i] ^= 1;
-    }
-  } else {
-    yBits = decCoefficientToBinaryString(y);
-  }
-
-  var minBits, maxBits, minSign;
-  if (xBits.length <= yBits.length) {
-    minBits = xBits;
-    maxBits = yBits;
-    minSign = xSign;
-  } else {
-    minBits = yBits;
-    maxBits = xBits;
-    minSign = ySign;
-  }
-
-  var shortLen = minBits.length;
-  var longLen = maxBits.length;
-  var expFuncVal = func(xSign, ySign) ^ 1;
-  var outVal = new BigNumber(expFuncVal ^ 1);
-  var twoPower = BigNumber.ONE;
-  var two = new BigNumber(2);
-
-  var prevPrec = BigNumber.precision;
-  BigNumber.config({precision: 1E9});
-
-  while (shortLen > 0) {
-    if (func(minBits[--shortLen], maxBits[--longLen]) == expFuncVal) {
-      outVal = outVal.plus(twoPower);
-    }
-    twoPower = twoPower.times(two);
-  }
-  while (longLen > 0) {
-    if (func(minSign, maxBits[--longLen]) == expFuncVal) {
-      outVal = outVal.plus(twoPower);
-    }
-    twoPower = twoPower.times(two);
-  }
-
-  BigNumber.config({precision: prevPrec});
-
-  if (expFuncVal == 0) {
-    outVal.s = -outVal.s;
-  }
-  return outVal;
-}
-
-/* Extracted from decimal.js, and edited to specialize. */
-function decCoefficientToBinaryString(x) {
-  // Convert to string
-  var a = x.c;
-  var r = a[0] + '';
-
-  for (var i = 1; i < a.length; ++i) {
-    var s = a[i] + '';
-    for (var z = 7 - s.length; z--; ) {
-      s = '0' + s;
-    }
-
-    r += s;
-  }
-
-  var j;
-  for (j = r.length - 1; r.charAt(j) == '0'; --j);
-
-  var xe = x.e;
-  var str = r.slice(0, j + 1 || 1);
-  var strL = str.length;
-  if (xe > 0) {
-    if (++xe > strL) {
-      // Append zeros.
-      for (xe -= strL; xe--; str += '0');
-    } else if (xe < strL) {
-      str = str.slice(0, xe) + '.' + str.slice(xe);
-    }
-  }
-
-  // Convert from base 10 (decimal) to base 2
-  var arr = [0];
-  for (var i = 0; i < str.length; ) {
-    for (var arrL = arr.length; arrL--; arr[arrL] *= 10);
-
-    arr[0] += str.charAt(i++) << 0;  // convert to int
-    for (var j = 0; j < arr.length; ++j) {
-      if (arr[j] > 1) {
-        if (arr[j + 1] == null) {
-          arr[j + 1] = 0;
-        }
-
-        arr[j + 1] += arr[j] >> 1;
-        arr[j] &= 1;
-      }
-    }
-  }
-
-  return arr.reverse();
-}
-
-
 /*************************************
  *      Trigonometric functions      *
  *************************************/